What kind of atoms typically engage in covalent bonding?

Atoms that typically engage in covalent bonding are those with similar electronegativities. This is because covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, allowing them to attain a more stable electronic configuration. When two atoms have similar electronegativities, they have a comparable tendency to attract electrons, which facilitates the sharing process instead of one atom completely transferring electrons to another, as seen in ionic bonding.

In contrast, a significant difference in electronegativity often leads to the formation of ionic bonds rather than covalent bonds. Furthermore, while covalent bonding can involve a mix of metal and non-metal atoms, it is most commonly associated with non-metals, which are more likely to have similar electronegativities. Gaseous atoms can participate in covalent bonding, but covalent bonds themselves are not exclusive to gaseous states; they are present in liquids and solids as well. Thus, atoms with similar electronegativities are the primary candidates for forming covalent bonds.